Ntabwo hashize igihe kinini, urupapuro rwibisubizo rwumwaka rwagati rwiterambere rya Hengqin hagati ya Zhuhai na Macao rwagiye rugaragara buhoro buhoro. Imwe muma fibre optique ya fibre optique yakwegereye ibitekerezo. Byanyuze muri Zhuhai na Macao kugirango bamenye guhuza ingufu za mudasobwa no kugabana umutungo kuva Macao kugera Hengqin, no kubaka umuyoboro w'amakuru. Shanghai irateza imbere kandi umushinga wo kuzamura no guhindura "optique mu muringa inyuma" umuyoboro w’itumanaho wa fibre kugira ngo ubukungu butere imbere mu rwego rwo hejuru ndetse na serivisi nziza z’itumanaho ku baturage.
Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryikoranabuhanga rya interineti, abakoresha ibyo bakeneye kuri traffic bigenda byiyongera umunsi ku munsi, uburyo bwo kuzamura ubushobozi bwitumanaho rya fibre optique byabaye ikibazo cyihutirwa gukemurwa.
Kuva hagaragara ikoranabuhanga ryitumanaho rya fibre optique, ryazanye impinduka nini mubijyanye na siyanse n'ikoranabuhanga na societe. Nkibikorwa byingenzi byikoranabuhanga rya laser, tekinoroji yamakuru ya laser ihagarariwe na tekinoroji ya fibre itumanaho ya optique yubatse urwego rwitumanaho rigezweho kandi riba igice cyingenzi cyo guhererekanya amakuru. Ikoreshwa rya optique ya fibre itumanaho ningufu zingenzi zitwara isi ya none, kandi nayo ni bumwe mu buhanga bwibanze bwamakuru.
Hamwe nogukomeza kugaragara kwikoranabuhanga ritandukanye rigenda rigaragara nka interineti yibintu, amakuru manini, ukuri kugaragara, ubwenge bwubukorikori (AI), itumanaho rya terefone igendanwa ya gatanu (5G) hamwe nubundi buryo bwikoranabuhanga, hasabwa byinshi murwego rwo guhanahana amakuru no guhererekanya amakuru. Dukurikije imibare y’ubushakashatsi yashyizwe ahagaragara na Cisco mu 2019, IP ku mwaka ku isi hose izava kuri 1.5ZB (1ZB = 1021B) muri 2017 ikagera kuri 4.8ZB muri 2022, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’umwaka buri mwaka bwa 26%. Guhura niterambere ryikinyabiziga kinini, itumanaho rya fibre optique, nkigice kinini cyuruganda rwitumanaho, ni igitutu kinini cyo kuzamura. Umuvuduko mwinshi, ufite ubushobozi bunini bwa optique ya fibre itumanaho hamwe numuyoboro bizaba inzira nyamukuru yiterambere ryiterambere rya tekinoroji ya fibre optique.
Amateka y'Iterambere n'Ubushakashatsi Imiterere ya Optical Fibre Itumanaho
Lazeri ya mbere ya ruby yakozwe mu 1960, nyuma yo kuvumbura uburyo lazeri ikora na Arthur Showlow na Charles Townes mu 1958. Hanyuma, mu 1970, laser ya mbere ya semiconductor ya AlGaAs ishobora gukora neza mubushyuhe bwicyumba yatejwe imbere, kandi mu 1977, laser ya semiconductor yamenyekanye gukora ubudahwema kumasaha ibihumbi mirongo mubidukikije.
Kugeza ubu, laseri zifite ibisabwa kugirango itumanaho rya fibre optique. Kuva intangiriro yo kuvumbura laser, abayihimbye bamenye akamaro kayo gakoreshwa mubijyanye n'itumanaho. Nyamara, hari ibitagenda neza bibiri muburyo bwikoranabuhanga ryitumanaho rya laser: kimwe nuko ingufu nyinshi zizatakara bitewe no gutandukanya urumuri rwa laser; ikindi ni uko bigira ingaruka cyane kubidukikije, nkibisabwa mubidukikije byikirere bizagerwaho cyane nimpinduka zikirere. Kubwibyo, kubitumanaho bya laser, optique ya optique ya waveguide ni ngombwa cyane.
Fibre optique ikoreshwa mu itumanaho ryasabwe na Dr. Kao Kung, wegukanye igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel muri fiziki, yujuje ibyifuzo by’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho rya laser kuri waveguides. Yasabye ko Rayleigh ikwirakwiza fibre optique ya fibre optique ishobora kuba nke cyane (munsi ya 20 dB / km), kandi gutakaza ingufu muri fibre optique ahanini biva mu kwinjiza urumuri n’umwanda mu bikoresho by’ibirahure, bityo kweza ibintu bikaba urufunguzo kugabanya igihombo cya fibre optique Urufunguzo, kandi yanagaragaje ko uburyo bumwe bwo kohereza ari ngombwa kugirango imikorere myiza yitumanaho igerweho.
Mu 1970, Isosiyete ya Corning Glass yateje fibre optique ishingiye kuri quartz ishingiye kuri fibre optique ifite igihombo cya 20dB / km nkurikije icyifuzo cya Dr. Kao cyo kweza, bigatuma fibre optique iba impamo kubitangazamakuru byogutumanaho. Nyuma yubushakashatsi buhoraho niterambere, gutakaza fibre optique ya quartz yegereye imipaka. Kugeza ubu, ibintu byitumanaho rya fibre optique byujujwe byuzuye.
Sisitemu yo gutumanaho ya optique ya fibre yambere yakoresheje uburyo bwo kwakira neza. Ubu ni uburyo bworoshye bwo guhitamo fibre optique. PD ni indangantego ya kare, kandi ubukana bwibimenyetso bya optique burashobora kumenyekana. Ubu buryo bwo kwakira amakuru butaziguye bwakomeje kuva mu gisekuru cya mbere cya tekinoroji yo gutumanaho ya fibre optique mu myaka ya za 70 kugeza mu ntangiriro ya za 90.
Kugirango twongere imikoreshereze yumurongo mugari, dukeneye guhera kubintu bibiri: kimwe ni ugukoresha ikoranabuhanga kugirango wegere imipaka ya Shannon, ariko kwiyongera kwimikorere ya spekure byongereye ibisabwa mubipimo byitumanaho-urusaku, bityo bigabanye intera yoherejwe; ikindi ni ugukoresha byuzuye icyiciro, Amakuru atwara ubushobozi bwa polarisiyasi ya leta akoreshwa mugukwirakwiza, aribwo buryo bwa kabiri coherent optique itumanaho.
Igisekuru cya kabiri coherent itumanaho rya sisitemu ikoresha ivanga rya optique kugirango imenye intradyne, kandi igakoresha kwakira polarisiyasi itandukanye, ni ukuvuga, ku iherezo ryakiriwe, itara ryerekana ibimenyetso hamwe n’urumuri rwa oscillator byaho byacitsemo ibice bibiri byumucyo leta zifite polarisiyasi. Kuri mugenzi we. Muri ubu buryo, kwakira polarisiyasi-kutumva birashobora kugerwaho. Byongeye kandi, hakwiye kwerekanwa ko muri iki gihe, gukurikirana inshuro nyinshi, kugarura ibyiciro byabatwara, kuringaniza, guhuza, gukurikirana polarisiyasi hamwe na demultiplexing kumpera yakira byose bishobora kurangizwa nubuhanga bwo gutangiza ibimenyetso bya digitale (DSP), byoroshya cyane ibyuma igishushanyo mbonera cyakira, hamwe nubushobozi bwo kugarura ibimenyetso.
Ibibazo bimwe na bimwe bitekereza ku iterambere rya tekinoroji ya Optical Fibre Itumanaho
Binyuze mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye, uruziga rw’inganda n’inganda byageze ku ntera y’imikorere ya sisitemu yo gutumanaho ya fibre optique. Kugirango ukomeze kongera ubushobozi bwo kohereza, birashobora kugerwaho gusa nukwongera umurongo wa sisitemu B (kongera umurongo ubushobozi) cyangwa kongera ibimenyetso byerekana urusaku. Ikiganiro cyihariye niki gikurikira.
1. Igisubizo cyo kongera imbaraga zo kohereza
Kubera ko ingaruka zidafite umurongo ziterwa no guhererekanya ingufu nyinshi zishobora kugabanuka mukwongera neza agace keza ka fibre yambukiranya igice, nigisubizo cyo kongera imbaraga zo gukoresha fibre nkeya aho gukoresha fibre imwe yo kwanduza. Byongeye kandi, igisubizo gikunze kugaragara ku ngaruka zitari umurongo ni ugukoresha algorithm ya digitale (DBP), ariko kunoza imikorere ya algorithm bizatuma habaho kwiyongera mubibazo byo kubara. Vuba aha, ubushakashatsi bwikoranabuhanga ryiga imashini mubyishyurwa bitari kumurongo byagaragaje ibyifuzo byiza byo gusaba, bigabanya cyane ingorane za algorithm, bityo igishushanyo cya sisitemu ya DBP gishobora gufashwa no kwiga imashini mugihe kizaza.
2. Ongera umurongo wa optique ya optique
Kongera umurongo wa enterineti birashobora guca mumipaka yumurongo wa EDFA. Usibye C-band na L-band, S-band irashobora no gushirwa murwego rwo gusaba, kandi amplifier ya SOA cyangwa Raman irashobora gukoreshwa mugukomeza. Nyamara, fibre optique ihari ifite igihombo kinini mumirongo yumurongo utari S-band, kandi birakenewe gushushanya ubwoko bushya bwa fibre optique kugirango igabanye igihombo. Ariko kubandi basigaye, ubucuruzi bwaboneka optique amplification tekinoroji nayo ni ingorabahizi.
3. Ubushakashatsi ku gihombo gike cyo gutakaza fibre optique
Ubushakashatsi kuri fibre nkeya yo gutakaza ni kimwe mubibazo bikomeye muriki gice. Hollow core fibre (HCF) ifite amahirwe yo gutakaza kwanduza kwinshi, bizagabanya igihe cyo gutinda kwa fibre kandi birashobora gukuraho ikibazo kitari umurongo wa fibre cyane.
4. Ubushakashatsi ku kugabana ikirere kugwiza tekinoroji bijyanye
Umwanya-wo kugabura tekinoroji igizwe nigisubizo cyiza cyo kongera ubushobozi bwa fibre imwe. By'umwihariko, fibre optique fibre ikoreshwa mugukwirakwiza, kandi ubushobozi bwa fibre imwe bwikubye kabiri. Ikibazo cyibanze muriki kibazo ni ukumenya niba hari imikorere ihanitse ya optique. , bitabaye ibyo birashobora gusa kuba bihwanye na fibre optique imwe gusa; ukoresheje uburyo-bwo kugabana ibintu byinshi birimo tekinoroji ya polarisiyonike, urumuri rwa OAM rushingiye ku cyiciro kimwe na silindrike ya vector beam ishingiye ku buke bwa polarisiyasi, tekinoroji nk'iyi irashobora kuba Beam multiplexing itanga urwego rushya rw'ubwisanzure kandi ikanoza ubushobozi bwa sisitemu y'itumanaho rya optique. Ifite uburyo bwagutse bwo gukoresha muburyo bwa tekinoroji ya fibre itumanaho, ariko ubushakashatsi bujyanye na optique ya optique nayo ni ingorabahizi. Mubyongeyeho, uburyo bwo kuringaniza sisitemu igoye iterwa nuburyo butandukanye bwitsinda ryatinze kandi byinshi-byinjiza byinshi-bisohoka muburyo bwa tekinoroji buringaniye nabyo bikwiye kwitabwaho.
Amahirwe yo Gutezimbere Ikoranabuhanga rya Optical Fibre Itumanaho
Tekinoroji ya fibre itumanaho ya optique yateye imbere kuva itangira ryihuta ryihuta kugeza ubu yihuta cyane, kandi ibaye imwe mumikoreshereze yumugongo ushyigikira amakuru yamakuru, kandi yashizeho disipulini nini nimbonezamubano. Mu bihe biri imbere, uko sosiyete isaba kohereza amakuru ikomeje kwiyongera, sisitemu yo gutumanaho ya fibre optique hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga ry’urusobe bizagenda byiyongera ku bushobozi buhebuje, ubwenge, no kwishyira hamwe. Mu gihe bazamura imikorere y’itumanaho, bazakomeza kugabanya ibiciro no gukorera abaturage no gufasha igihugu kubaka amakuru. sosiyete igira uruhare runini. CeiTa yakoranye n’imiryango myinshi y’ibiza, ishobora guhanura imiburo y’umutekano mu karere nk’imitingito, imyuzure, na tsunami. Birakenewe gusa guhuzwa na ONU ya CeiTa. Iyo impanuka kamere ibaye, sitasiyo yumutingito izatanga umuburo hakiri kare. Terminal munsi ya ONU Alerts izahuzwa.
(1) Umuyoboro mwiza wubwenge
Ugereranije na sisitemu yo gutumanaho idafite umugozi, sisitemu y'itumanaho rya optique hamwe numuyoboro wubwenge bwa optique iracyari mubyiciro byambere muburyo bwimiterere y'urusobe, kubungabunga urusobe no gusuzuma amakosa, kandi urwego rwubwenge ntiruhagije. Bitewe nubushobozi bunini bwa fibre imwe, kugaragara kwa fibre iyo ari yo yose bizagira ingaruka zikomeye mubukungu no muri societe. Kubwibyo, kugenzura ibipimo byurusobe ningirakamaro cyane mugutezimbere imiyoboro yubwenge izaza. Icyerekezo cyubushakashatsi kigomba kwitabwaho muriki gice kizaza harimo: sisitemu yo kugenzura ibipimo ngenderwaho bishingiye ku buryo bworoshye bwifashishije ikorana buhanga hamwe no kwiga imashini, tekinoroji yo kugenzura ingano y’umubiri ishingiye ku isesengura ryerekana ibimenyetso hamwe no guhitamo icyiciro cya optique igihe-cyerekana.
(2) Ikoranabuhanga hamwe na sisitemu
Intego yibanze yo guhuza ibikoresho ni ukugabanya ibiciro. Muburyo bwa optique ya fibre itumanaho, intera ngufi yihuta yohereza ibimenyetso bishobora kugerwaho binyuze muburyo bushya bwo kuvugurura ibimenyetso. Ariko, kubera ibibazo byicyiciro na polarisiyasi yo kugarura leta, guhuza sisitemu zifatika biracyagoye. Mubyongeyeho, niba sisitemu nini ihuriweho na optique-amashanyarazi-optique sisitemu ishobora kugerwaho, ubushobozi bwa sisitemu nabwo buzanozwa cyane. Ariko, kubera ibintu nkibikorwa bya tekinike nkeya, bigoye cyane, hamwe ningorabahizi mu kwishyira hamwe, ntibishoboka kumenyekanisha cyane ibimenyetso byose bya optique nka optique 2R (re-amplification, re-shaping), 3R (re-amplification) , kongera-igihe, no kongera gushiraho) murwego rwitumanaho ryiza. tekinoroji yo gutunganya. Kubwibyo, mubijyanye na tekinoroji hamwe na sisitemu, icyerekezo cyubushakashatsi kizaza niki gikurikira: Nubwo ubushakashatsi buriho kuri sisitemu yo kugabana icyogajuru bugizwe na sisitemu ikungahaye cyane, ibice byingenzi bigize sisitemu yo kugabana ikirere bitaragera ku ntera y’ikoranabuhanga mu ishuri no mu nganda, no gukomeza gushimangira birakenewe. Ubushakashatsi, nka lazeri ihuriweho na modulator, ibyiciro bibiri-byinjijwe byakira, imbaraga-zikoresha ingufu za optique amplificateur, nibindi.; ubwoko bushya bwa fibre optique irashobora kwagura cyane umurongo wa sisitemu, ariko ubushakashatsi buracyakenewe kugirango tumenye neza ko imikorere yabo yuzuye hamwe ninganda zikora bishobora kugera kumurongo umwe uriho Urwego rwuburyo bwa fibre; wige ibikoresho bitandukanye bishobora gukoreshwa hamwe na fibre nshya muguhuza itumanaho.
(3) Ibikoresho byitumanaho byiza
Mubikoresho byitumanaho rya optique, ubushakashatsi niterambere ryibikoresho bya silicon Photonic byageze kubisubizo byambere. Ariko, kuri ubu, ubushakashatsi bujyanye murugo bushingiye ahanini kubikoresho byoroshye, kandi ubushakashatsi kubikoresho bikora ni ntege nke. Kubijyanye nibikoresho byitumanaho rya optique, icyerekezo cyubushakashatsi kizaza kirimo: ubushakashatsi bwoguhuza ibikoresho bikora nibikoresho bya optiki ya silicon; ubushakashatsi ku ikorana buhanga ryibikoresho bitari silikoni optique, nkubushakashatsi ku ikorana buhanga ryibikoresho bya III-V hamwe na substrate; kurushaho guteza imbere ibikoresho bishya ubushakashatsi niterambere. Kurikirana, nka lithium niobate optique waveguide hamwe nibyiza byo kwihuta cyane no gukoresha ingufu nke.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-03-2023
